Ntchito yomanga makina abwino kwambiri opangira zida zophatikizira zida zanyukiliya ku China kwayamba kwathunthu
Pa Okutobala 1, chiwonjezeko chachikulu chidapangidwa pomanga chipangizo cha nyukiliya cha China BEST.
Maziko olemera matani oposa 400 adayikidwa bwino ndipo agwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula gulu la BEST lolemera pafupifupi matani 6700, kusonyeza kuyambika kwa ntchito yomanga makina olemera kwambiri a dziko lino.
M'tsogolomu, chipangizochi chidzakhala chisonyezero choyamba chovomerezeka padziko lonse cha kupanga magetsi a nyukiliya, ndipo chikuyembekezeka kuyatsa kuwala koyambirira kupyolera mu nyukiliya fusion pofika chaka cha 2030.
Nuclear Fusion: Mawu Achinsinsi Ofufuza Mphamvu za Cosmic
Kuyambira chinsinsi cha kutentha kosalekeza kwa dzuwa kwa zaka mabiliyoni 4.6 mpaka kufunafuna kotheratu kwa anthu kukhala ndi mphamvu zoyera "zosatha", kuphatikizika kwa nyukiliya nthawi zonse kwakhala imodzi mwa njira zowunikira kwambiri pazasayansi. Sikuti nyenyezi zimangotulutsa kuwala ndi kutentha m'chilengedwe chonse, komanso ndi luso lapamwamba-limene lingathe kusinthiratu mphamvu ya anthu.
Mwachidule, kuphatikizika kwa nyukiliya kumatanthawuza njira ya nyukiliya yopepuka ya atomiki (monga hydrogen isotopes deuterium ndi tritium) kugonjetsa electrostatic repulsion (Coulomb repulsion) pakati pa ma nuclei pa kutentha kwambiri ndi kupanikizika, kugundana ndikuphatikizana mu nuclei yolemera ya atomiki (monga helium), pamene imatulutsa mphamvu zambiri. Izi zikutsatira Einstein's mass energy equation "E=mc ²" - unyinji wonse wa nucleus yatsopano yosakanikirana ndi yocheperapo pang'ono ndi kuchuluka kwa ma nuclei awiri asanaphatikizidwe, ndipo unyinji wocheperako (kutayika kwa misa) udzatulutsidwa ngati mphamvu, ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu kupitilira mphamvu iliyonse yomwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito pano.
Kuti mumvetsetse mphamvu ya kuphatikizika kwa nyukiliya, gawo limodzi lokha la kufananitsa kwa data likufunika: mphamvu yomwe imatulutsidwa ndi kuphatikizika kwa 1 kilogalamu ya deuterium tritium osakaniza ndi yofanana ndi kutentha komwe kumapangidwa ndi kuyaka kwa matani 27000 a malasha wamba kapena mphamvu yopangidwa ndi kuyaka kwathunthu kwa matani 120 a petulo; Komabe, mphamvu yomwe imatulutsidwa ndi nyukiliya yamafuta amtundu womwewo (monga uranium{7}}235) ndi pafupifupi 1/4 yokha ya mphamvu zotulutsidwa ndi nyukiliya fusion. Chofunika kwambiri, magwero amafuta a kuphatikizika kwa nyukiliya ali pafupifupi wopanda malire - deuterium imapezeka kwambiri m'madzi a m'nyanja Padziko Lapansi, ndipo lita iliyonse yamadzi am'nyanja imakhala ndi deuterium yomwe imatha kutulutsa mphamvu yofanana ndi malita 300 a petulo kudzera mukuphatikizika. Deuterium yomwe ili m'madzi a m'nyanja padziko lonse lapansi imatha kukwaniritsa zosowa zamphamvu zaumunthu kwa zaka zopitilira miliyoni; Ngakhale kuti tritium ndiyosowa kwambiri m'chilengedwe, imatha kukonzedwa mwachisawawa pochita lifiyamu (chinthu chochuluka mu kutumphuka kwa dziko lapansi) ndi ma neutroni, ndipo palibe vuto la "kusowa kwamafuta".
Komabe, kukwaniritsa kusakanikirana kwa zida za nyukiliya sikophweka, ndipo vuto lake lalikulu lagona "momwe angapangire ndi kusunga mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri ya nyukiliya". M'kati mwa Dzuwa, kugwa kwa mphamvu yokoka kumapanga kutentha kwakukulu kwa madigiri 15 miliyoni ndi kupanikizika kwakukulu kwa 250 biliyoni atmospheres, mwachibadwa kumakumana ndi "zikhalidwe zoyatsira" za kuphatikizika kwa nyukiliya; Koma Padziko Lapansi, anthu sangathe kutengera mphamvu yokoka yamphamvu chotere ndipo amatha kutengera malo owopsa kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito njira zaukadaulo. Pakali pano, pali njira ziwiri zazikulu zofufuzira:
Mtundu umodzi ndi maginito confinement fusion, woimiridwa ndi International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), yomwe imadziwika kuti "dzuwa lopanga". Imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya maginito yamphamvu kwambiri (pafupifupi nthawi 100000 yamphamvu kuposa mphamvu ya maginito yapadziko lapansi) kutsekereza madzi a m'magazi (gawo lachinayi la zinthu pamene ma nuclei a atomiki ndi ma elekitironi amalekanitsidwa) ndi kutentha kwa madigiri 150 miliyoni Celsius mu chipinda chozungulira cha vacuum (chida cha tomakak), kupeŵa kuchuluka kwa -kutentha ndi kuchititsa kutentha kwa plasma, kuchititsa kutentha kosalekeza, kutentha kwa plasma. plasma kuti ikwaniritse zofunikira pakuphatikizana. Mu 2023, chipangizo cha ku China cha "Artificial Sun" (EAST) chinapeza ntchito yosalekeza ya madzi a m'magazi pa madigiri 120 miliyoni kwa masekondi 403, ndikuyika mbiri yapadziko lonse ndikuyika maziko a kuyesa kotsatira kwa ITER.
Mtundu wina ndi Inertial confinement fusion, woimiridwa ndi National Ignition Facility (NIF) ya United States. Imayang'ana ma lasers okwera 192-pa deuterium tritium target yokhala ndi mainchesi ochepa chabe, imatenthetsa chandamale kufika pa 30 miliyoni madigiri Celsius ndi kukanikiza kuwirikiza ka 100 kuchulukira kwapakati pa dziko lapansi m'kanthawi kochepa kwambiri (pafupifupi 10 triliyoni wa sekondi), pogwiritsa ntchito plasma infusions inersation sizingatheke. Mu Disembala 2022, NIF inapeza "kupeza mphamvu zonse" kwa nthawi yoyamba - mphamvu zotulutsidwa ndi maphatikizidwe amphamvu zidapitilira mphamvu ya laser yolowetsa, zomwe zidawonetsa kupambana kwakukulu panjira yotsekeredwa m'ndende.
Kuphatikiza pakuchulukirachulukira kwamagetsi komanso mafuta ambiri, kuphatikiza kwa nyukiliya kumakhalanso ndi chitetezo chokwanira komanso kusungitsa chilengedwe. Mosiyana ndi nyukiliya fission, zochita za nyukiliya fusion zidzatha nthawi yomweyo zinthu zoopsa zitatayika (monga kusokoneza maginito kapena kuyimitsa laser), ndipo palibe chiopsezo cha "core meltdown"; Chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimapangidwa ndi helium (gasi-wopanda poizoni komanso wosavulaza), yomwe simatulutsa zinyalala zanthawi yayitali-zokhala ndi ma radiation ngati nyukiliya ndipo siziwononga chilengedwe.
Ngakhale kuti anthu sanapezebe mphamvu zopangira mphamvu za nyukiliya zamalonda (zomwe zikuyembekezeka kufunikira zaka 30-50 za kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo), gawo lililonse lakupita patsogolo pakuphatikizana kwa nyukiliya, kuyambira kuphatikizika kwachilengedwe kwa dzuwa kupita kukuyenda pang'onopang'ono mu labotale, ndikukankhira anthu kufupi ndi cholinga cha "ufulu wamagetsi". M’tsogolomu, pamene magetsi ophatikiza mphamvu za nyukiliya adzafalikira padziko lonse lapansi, anthu adzamasuka kotheratu ku kudalira mafuta oyaka, kuthetsa mavuto a padziko lonse monga kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kusowa kwa mphamvu, ndi kuyambitsa nyengo yatsopano yozikidwa pa mphamvu zoyera ndi zopanda malire.
